sum: all forms
sum means “be, exist; (as auxiliary) is, are, was”. Below is its full conjugation in Latin.
Present active
Present active | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
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| 1st singular | sum | sim | |
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| 2nd singular | es | sis | es |
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| 3rd singular | est | sit | |
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| 1st plural | sumus | simus | |
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| 2nd plural | estis | sitis | este |
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| 3rd plural | sunt | sint | |
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Imperfect active
Imperfect active | Indicative | Subjunctive |
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| 1st singular | eram | essem · forem |
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| 2nd singular | eras | esses · fores |
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| 3rd singular | erat | esset · foret |
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| 1st plural | eramus | essemus · foremus |
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| 2nd plural | eratis | essetis · foretis |
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| 3rd plural | erant | essent · forent |
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Future active
Future active | Indicative | Imperative |
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| 1st singular | ero | |
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| 2nd singular | eris | esto |
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| 3rd singular | erit | esto |
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| 1st plural | erimus | |
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| 2nd plural | eritis | estote |
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| 3rd plural | erunt | sunto |
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Perfect active
Perfect active | Indicative | Subjunctive |
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| 1st singular | fui | fuerim |
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| 2nd singular | fuisti | fueris |
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| 3rd singular | fuit | fuerit |
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| 1st plural | fuimus | fuerimus |
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| 2nd plural | fuistis | fueritis |
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| 3rd plural | fuerunt · fuere | fuerint |
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Pluperfect active
Pluperfect active | Indicative | Subjunctive |
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| 1st singular | fueram | fuissem |
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| 2nd singular | fueras | fuisses |
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| 3rd singular | fuerat | fuisset |
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| 1st plural | fueramus | fuissemus |
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| 2nd plural | fueratis | fuissetis |
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| 3rd plural | fuerant | fuissent |
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Future perfect active
Future perfect active | Indicative |
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| 1st singular | fuero |
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| 2nd singular | fueris |
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| 3rd singular | fuerit |
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| 1st plural | fuerimus |
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| 2nd plural | fueritis |
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| 3rd plural | fuerint |
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Infinitives
Infinitives | Active |
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| Present | esse |
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| Future | fore |
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| Perfect | fuisse |
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Participles
Present active participle, singular | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | | ens |
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| Genitive | | entis |
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| Dative | | enti |
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| Accusative | ens | entem |
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| Ablative | | ente · enti |
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| Vocative | | ens |
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Present active participle, plural | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | entia | entes |
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| Genitive | | entium |
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| Dative | | entibus |
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| Accusative | entia | entes |
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| Ablative | | entibus |
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| Vocative | entia | entes |
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Future active participle, singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | futurus | futura | futurum | |
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| Genitive | futuri | futurae | futuri | |
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| Dative | futuro | futurae | futuro | |
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| Accusative | futurum | futuram | futurum | |
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| Ablative | futuro | futura | futuro | |
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| Vocative | future | futura | futurum | |
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Future active participle, plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | futuri | futurae | futura | |
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| Genitive | futurorum | futurarum | futurorum | |
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| Dative | | | | futuris |
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| Accusative | futuros | futuras | futura | |
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| Ablative | | | | futuris |
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| Vocative | futuri | futurae | futura | |
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Perfect passive participle, singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | futus | futa | futum | |
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| Genitive | futi | futae | futi | |
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| Dative | futo | futae | futo | |
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| Accusative | futum | futam | futum | |
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| Ablative | futo | futa | futo | |
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| Vocative | fute | futa | futum | |
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Perfect passive participle, plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | futi | futae | futa | |
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| Genitive | futorum | futarum | futorum | |
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| Dative | | | | futis |
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| Accusative | futos | futas | futa | |
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| Ablative | | | | futis |
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| Vocative | futi | futae | futa | |
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Gerund, gerundive and supine
Supine | Forms |
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| Accusative | futum |
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| Ablative | futu |
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Meaning and examples of sum
Source: Socratos (socratos.org), a free reader for Ancient Greek and Latin. Grammar from the Perseus Treebank and Morpheus; dictionary entries from Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary (Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA). Counts are from the texts on Socratos.