certo: all forms
certo means “(verb) contend, compete, vie; (adv.) certainly, surely”. Below is its full conjugation in Latin.
Present active
Present active | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
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| 1st singular | certo | certem | |
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| 2nd singular | certas | certes | certa |
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| 3rd singular | certat | certet | |
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| 1st plural | certamus | certemus | |
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| 2nd plural | certatis | certetis | certate |
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| 3rd plural | certant | certent | |
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Present passive
Present passive | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
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| 1st singular | certor | certer | |
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| 2nd singular | certaris | certere · certeris | certare |
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| 3rd singular | certatur | certetur | |
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| 1st plural | certamur | certemur | |
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| 2nd plural | certamini | certemini | certamini |
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| 3rd plural | certantur | certentur | |
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Imperfect active
Imperfect active | Indicative | Subjunctive |
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| 1st singular | certabam | certarem |
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| 2nd singular | certabas | certares |
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| 3rd singular | certabat | certaret |
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| 1st plural | certabamus | certaremus |
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| 2nd plural | certabatis | certaretis |
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| 3rd plural | certabant | certarent |
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Imperfect passive
Imperfect passive | Indicative | Subjunctive |
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| 1st singular | certabar | certarer |
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| 2nd singular | certabare · certabaris | certarere · certareris |
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| 3rd singular | certabatur | certaretur |
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| 1st plural | certabamur | certaremur |
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| 2nd plural | certabamini | certaremini |
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| 3rd plural | certabantur | certarentur |
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Future active
Future active | Indicative | Imperative |
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| 1st singular | certabo | |
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| 2nd singular | certabis | certato |
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| 3rd singular | certabit | certato |
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| 1st plural | certabimus | |
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| 2nd plural | certabitis | certatote |
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| 3rd plural | certabunt | certanto |
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Future passive
Future passive | Indicative | Imperative |
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| 1st singular | certabor | |
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| 2nd singular | certabere · certaberis | certator |
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| 3rd singular | certabitur | certator |
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| 1st plural | certabimur | |
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| 2nd plural | certabimini | |
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| 3rd plural | certabuntur | certantor |
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Perfect active
Perfect active | Indicative | Subjunctive |
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| 1st singular | certavi | certaverim |
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| 2nd singular | certavisti | certaveris |
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| 3rd singular | certavit | certaverit |
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| 1st plural | certavimus | certaverimus |
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| 2nd plural | certavistis | certaveritis |
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| 3rd plural | certavere · certaverunt | certaverint |
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Pluperfect active
Pluperfect active | Indicative | Subjunctive |
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| 1st singular | certaveram | certavissem |
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| 2nd singular | certaveras | certavisses |
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| 3rd singular | certaverat | certavisset |
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| 1st plural | certaveramus | certavissemus |
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| 2nd plural | certaveratis | certavissetis |
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| 3rd plural | certaverant | certavissent |
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Future perfect active
Future perfect active | Indicative |
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| 1st singular | certavero |
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| 2nd singular | certaveris |
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| 3rd singular | certaverit |
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| 1st plural | certaverimus |
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| 2nd plural | certaveritis |
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| 3rd plural | certaverint |
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Infinitives
Infinitives | Active | Passive |
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| Present | certare | certari |
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| Perfect | certavisse | |
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Participles
Present active participle, singular | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | | certans |
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| Genitive | | certantis |
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| Dative | | certanti |
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| Accusative | certans | certantem |
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| Ablative | | certante · certanti |
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| Vocative | | certans |
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Present active participle, plural | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | certantia | certantes |
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| Genitive | | certantium |
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| Dative | | certantibus |
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| Accusative | certantia | certantes |
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| Ablative | | certantibus |
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| Vocative | certantia | certantes |
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Future active participle, singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | certaturus | certatura | certaturum | |
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| Genitive | certaturi | certaturae | certaturi | |
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| Dative | certaturo | certaturae | certaturo | |
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| Accusative | certaturum | certaturam | certaturum | |
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| Ablative | certaturo | certatura | certaturo | |
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| Vocative | certature | certatura | certaturum | |
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Future active participle, plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | certaturi | certaturae | certatura | |
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| Genitive | certaturorum | certaturarum | certaturorum | |
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| Dative | | | | certaturis |
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| Accusative | certaturos | certaturas | certatura | |
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| Ablative | | | | certaturis |
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| Vocative | certaturi | certaturae | certatura | |
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Perfect passive participle, singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | certatus | certata | certatum | |
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| Genitive | certati | certatae | certati | |
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| Dative | certato | certatae | certato | |
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| Accusative | certatum | certatam | certatum | |
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| Ablative | certato | certata | certato | |
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| Vocative | certate | certata | certatum | |
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Perfect passive participle, plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | certati | certatae | certata | |
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| Genitive | certatorum | certatarum | certatorum | |
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| Dative | | | | certatis |
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| Accusative | certatos | certatas | certata | |
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| Ablative | | | | certatis |
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| Vocative | certati | certatae | certata | |
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Gerund, gerundive and supine
Gerundive, singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | certandus | certanda | certandum | |
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| Genitive | certandi | certandae | certandi | |
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| Dative | certando | certandae | certando | |
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| Accusative | certandum | certandam | certandum | |
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| Ablative | certando | certanda | certando | |
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| Vocative | certande | certanda | certandum | |
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Gerundive, plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Forms |
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| Nominative | certandi | certandae | certanda | |
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| Genitive | certandorum | certandarum | certandorum | |
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| Dative | | | | certandis |
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| Accusative | certandos | certandas | certanda | |
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| Ablative | | | | certandis |
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| Vocative | certandi | certandae | certanda | |
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Supine | Forms |
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| Accusative | certatum |
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| Ablative | certatu |
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Meaning and examples of certo
Source: Socratos (socratos.org), a free reader for Ancient Greek and Latin. Grammar from the Perseus Treebank and Morpheus; dictionary entries from Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary (Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA). Counts are from the texts on Socratos.